Undergraduate radiodiagnostic professors.

The international literature on university teaching, has insisted on the need to combine a double component in the professional profile of teachers: content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. Regarding the content, the area of knowledge of radiology and physical medicine is made up of different medical specialties, among which are radiodiagnosis, nuclear medicine, radiation oncology, physical medicine and rehabilitation. On the other hand, the pedagogical content knowledge is framed by framework that the Bologna Declaration (1999). Focusing on radiodiagnosis, the ideal candidates must be professionals in this medical specialty, vocational teachers and people who find in the undergraduate teaching process an opportunity to transmit their knowledge, experiences and values in an entertaining and understandable way for students who are incorporated into medical knowledge.

Los profesores de radiodiagnóstico en pregrado / Undergraduate Radiodiagnostic professors

La literatura internacional plantea un doble componente en el perfil profesional del profesor universitario: el conocimiento del contenido (content knowledge) y el conocimiento didáctico del contenido (pedagogical content knowledge). En cuanto al contenido, el área de conocimiento de radiología y medicina física está compuesta por diferentes especialidades médicas entre las que se encuentran radiodiagnóstico, medicina nuclear, oncología radioterápica, medicina física y rehabilitación. Por su parte, el conocimiento didáctico del contenido está enmarcado por todo lo que ha significado la Declaración de Bolonia (1999). Centrándonos en el radiodiagnóstico, los candidatos idóneos deben ser profesionales de esta especialidad médica, vocacionales y que hallen en el proceso docente de pregrado una oportunidad de transmitir sus conocimientos, experiencias y valores de una forma amena y comprensible para alumnos que se incorporan al conocimiento médico.(AU)

The international literature on university teaching, has insisted on the need to combine a double component in the professional profile of teachers: content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. Regarding the content, the area of knowledge of Radiology and Physical Medicine is made up of different medical specialties, among which are Radiodiagnosis, Nuclear Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. On the other hand, the pedagogical content knowledge is framed by framework that the Bologna Declaration (1999). Focusing on Radiodiagnosis, the ideal candidates must be professionals in this medical specialty, vocational teachers and people who find in the undergraduate teaching process an opportunity to transmit their knowledge, experiences and values in an entertaining and understandable way for students who are incorporated into medical knowledge.(AU)

Sisprad: software for radiological protection management in a hospital environment / Sisprad: software para gestión de protección radiológica en entorno hospitalario / Sisprad: software para gestão da proteção radiológica em ambiente hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the software for the management of radiological protection, SisPRad, and its construction process, as well as to analyze its implementation and use in a radiodiagnosis service. Method: a methodological and quasi-experimental research study carried out between November 2016 and October 2019. The study population consisted of the professionals who make up the Radiological Protection Committee of the service. The model chosen for software engineering was the cascade model. In the implementation phase, an evaluation and analysis of the usability of the software was carried out. Results: the software for radiological protection management presents the structure of the technology and its functionalities. The usability evaluation showed that SisPRad is a tool that will assist the multi-professional and interdisciplinary team of the hospital radiology service in the management of radiological protection. The computerization of the systems and the integration of the sectors that need shared data in the work routines enhance the management of hospital radiological protection for the multi-professional team. The technology was positively evaluated by the multi-professional team working in the hospital radiodiagnosis service. SisPRad generated registration n.. 512019002125-8 by the National Institute of Industrial Property. Conclusion: this tool was developed aiming at the safety of the professionals working in the radiodiagnosis service and of its users, in addition to enabling the constant improvement of the tool, and it can be adapted in other institutions.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el software para la gestión de protección radiológica, SisPRad, su proceso de construcción y analizar su implementación y uso en un servicio de radiodiagnóstico. Método: investigación metodológica y cuasiexperimental realizada entre noviembre de 2016 y octubre de 2019. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por los profesionales que integran el Comité de Protección Radiológica del servicio. Para la ingeniería de software, se eligió el modelo en cascada. En la etapa de implementación se realizó la evaluación y el análisis de usabilidad del software. Resultados: el software de gestión de protección radiológica presenta la estructura de la tecnología y sus funcionalidades. La evaluación de usabilidad mostró que SisPRad es una herramienta que ayudará al equipo multidisciplinario e interdisciplinario del servicio de radiología del hospital en la gestión de la protección radiológica. La informatización de sistemas y la integración de sectores que requieren datos en común en las rutinas de trabajo potencian la gestión de la protección radiológica hospitalaria del equipo multidisciplinario. La tecnología fue valorada positivamente por el equipo multiprofesional que cumple sus funciones en el servicio de radiodiagnóstico del hospital. SisPRad generó el registro 512019002125-8 en el Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Industrial. Conclusión: esta herramienta fue desarrollada con el objetivo de promover la seguridad de los profesionales que trabajan en el servicio de radiodiagnóstico y de sus usuarios, además de permitir la mejora constante de la herramienta, que puede ser adaptada a otras instituciones.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o software para gestão da proteção radiológica, SisPRad, seu processo de construção e analisar sua implantação e utilização em um serviço de radiodiagnóstico. Método: pesquisa metodológica e quase-experimental realizada entre novembro de 2016 e outubro de 2019. A população do estudo foi constituída pelos profissionais que compõem o Comitê de Proteção Radiológica do serviço. O modelo escolhido para a engenharia do software foi o modelo em cascata. Na fase de implantação foi realizada avaliação e análise da usabilidade do software. Resultados: o software de gestão para proteção radiológica apresenta a estrutura da tecnologia e suas funcionalidades. A avaliação da usabilidade evidenciou que o SisPRad é uma ferramenta que irá auxiliar a equipe multiprofissional e interdisciplinar do serviço de radiologia hospitalar na gestão da proteção radiológica. A informatização dos sistemas e a integração dos setores que necessitam de dados em comum nas rotinas de trabalho potencializam a gestão da proteção radiológica hospitalar para a equipe multiprofissional. A tecnologia foi avaliada positivamente pela equipe multiprofissional atuante no serviço de radiodiagnóstico hospitalar. O SisPRad gerou o registro 512019002125-8 pelo Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial. Conclusão: essa ferramenta foi desenvolvida visando a segurança dos profissionais atuantes no serviço de radiodiagnóstico e seus usuários, além de possibilitar a melhora da ferramenta constantemente, podendo ser adaptada em outras instituições.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de fractura de radio distal con placa volar bloqueada Synthes® de doble columna / Surgical treatment of distal radius fractures with locked double column volar plate Synthes ®

RESUMEN Fundamento: las fracturas de radio distal son las más frecuentes de los miembros superiores. El empleo de placas volares bloqueadas ha cobrado auge debido a que ofrece numerosas ventajas. Objetivo: presentar el primer caso en la provincia Camagüey al que se le realizó una osteosíntesis con placa volar bloqueada de doble columna Synthes® en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech con evolución clínica favorable. Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 65 años de edad que sufrió caída de sus pies con apoyo de la mano derecha con la muñeca en extensión. Acude al servicio de urgencias con aumento de volumen de la muñeca derecha, dolor a la movilización e impotencia funcional relativa. La radiografía simple de radio distal mostró en la vista anteroposterior: disminución del ángulo de inclinación radial de siete grados y alineación de las apófisis estiloides radial y cubital. En la vista lateral: inversión del ángulo de inclinación volar del radio de 12 grados. Se decidió tratamiento quirúrgico basado en el patrón radiológico inadmisible. Se realizó reducción abierta y fijación interna mediante placa volar de doble columna Synthes®. Conclusiones: la placa volar de doble columna Synthes® para radio distal, se presenta como un dispositivo de fijación interna versátil, que puede ser utilizado en la mayoría de las fracturas de esta región. Se adjudica una serie de ventajas que la hacen ideal en aras de obtener buenos resultados funcionales, con un bajo porcentaje de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Background: distal radius fractures are the most common fracture of the upper limbs. The employment of locked volar plates has gained wide usage due to they offer many advantages. Objective: to present the first case in Camagüey´s province surgically treated by locked double column volar plate Synthes® at the Universitary Hospital Manuel Ascunce Domenech with favorable clinical evolution. Clinical case: a 65-year-old feminine patient who suffered a fall of her feet with support of the right hand with the wrist in extension. She comes to the emergency room with swelling in the right wrist, pain to mobilization and relative functional impotency. Distal radius plain radiography showed on AP view: inadmissible decrease of radial tilt of seven degrees and alienation of radial and cubital styloids. On lateral view was seen an inversion of the radial volar tilt of 12 degrees. Surgical treatment was decided because of the unstable and inadmissible radiological pattern. An open reduction and internal fixation was carried out with double column volar plate Synthes®. Conclusions: double column volar plate Synthes® for distal radius fractures is presented as a versatile internal fixation device which is able for the majority of the fractures around that region. A number of advantages are awarded to them that make them ideal in order to obtained good functional results with a low percentages of complications.

Doctoral theses in diagnostic imaging: a study of Spanish production between 1976 and 2011. / Las tesis doctorales en radiodiagnóstico: estudio de la producción española entre 1976 y 2011.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the production of doctoral theses in diagnostic imaging in Spain in the period comprising 1976 through 2011 with the aim of a) determining the number of theses and their distribution over time, b) describing the production in terms of universities and directors, and c) analyzing the content of the theses according to the imaging technique, anatomic site, and type of research used. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The TESEO database was searched for "radiología" and/or "diagnóstico por imagen" and for terms related to diagnostic imaging in the title of the thesis. RESULTS: A total of 1036 theses related to diagnostic imaging were produced in 37 Spanish universities (mean, 29.6 theses/year; range, 4-59). A total of 963 thesis directors were identified; 10 of these supervised 10 or more theses. Most candidates and directors were men, although since the 2000-2001 academic year the number of male and female candidates has been similar. The anatomic regions most often included in diagnostic imaging theses were the abdomen (22.5%), musculoskeletal system (21.8%), central nervous system (16.4%), and neck and face (15.6%). The imaging techniques most often included were ultrasonography in the entire period (25.5%) and magnetic resonance imaging in the last 5 years. Most theses (63.8%) were related to clinical research. CONCLUSIONS: Despite certain limitations, the TESEO database makes it possible to analyze the production of doctoral theses in Spain effectively. The annual mean production of theses in diagnostic imaging is higher than in other medical specialties. This analysis reflects the historic evolution of imaging techniques and research in radiology as well as the development of Spanish universities.

Choice of the specialty of diagnostic radiology by results of the competitive examination to assign residency positions from 2006 to 2015. / Análisis de la elección de la especialidad de radiodiagnóstico en el examen MIR desde el año 2006 hasta 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile of residency candidates choosing the specialty of diagnostic radiology in function of variables related to the positions available in different years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We compiled the data published on the Spanish Ministry of Health's website during the acts celebrated to allow residency candidates to choose positions based on the results of the competitive examinations held from 2006 to 2015, comparing the specialty of diagnostic radiology with the other specialties available in terms of positions available, net questions, sex, nationality, and order of choice of the position. RESULTS: The specialty of diagnostic radiology occupied the 16th position in the ranking of specialties according to the median number of order in the choice for each of the positions offered in the years studied. The first diagnostic radiology residency position was usually assigned after 75 candidates had chosen other specialties, and the last position was usually assigned after 3700 to 4100 candidates had chosen their positions. During the period studied, of those who chose diagnostic radiology 58% were women and 76% were Spanish nationality. Candidates preferred hospitals in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, and the hospital chosen with the lowest median position (highest score on the competitive examination) was the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic radiology is chosen by candidates with good positioning in the ranking according to official examination results, is less likely than other specialties to be chosen by women, and is chosen mostly by Spanish physicians. Candidates prefer large hospitals in provincial capitals.

Sinusitis fúngica invasiva crónica: hallazgos radiológicos característicos / Chronic invasive fungal sinusitis: characteristic radiological findings

Paciente masculino de 77 años con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus no controlada y hepatitis B en tratamiento con entecavir; consultó por cefalea frontoorbitaria derecha, de carácter continuo, con tres meses de evolución y aumento súbito de su intensidad. El examen neurológico no reveló focalidad y ante la severidad del cuadro se decidió realizar una TC cerebral. En este estudio se observó ocupación parcial de las celdillas etmoidales, hallazgo que sugirió sinupatía aguda (foto 1A). Meses después el paciente acudió nuevamente por persistencia y reagudización de la clínica, la cual no cedía con analgésicos simples. Ante este hallazgo se repitió la tomografía craneal que evidenció persistencia la ocupación etmoidal, en esta ocasión acompañada de osteólisis de las celdillas (foto 1B). Estos hallazgos y los antecedentes del paciente sugirieron el diagnóstico de sinusitis fúngica invasiva crónica. Se amplió el estudio con la realización de RM craneal, en la que se observó extensión de la lesión hacia la grasa extraconal de la órbita derecha

Protección radiológica del paciente: un tema relacionado con la salud pública / Radiation protection of patients: an issue concerning public health

La protección radiológica del paciente busca evitar dosis innecesarias, que aumentan el riesgo de cáncer en la población. Se apunta a justificar y optimizar las prácticas, proteger a los individuos más sensibles, prevenir accidentes, realizar los estudios con radiación sólo cuando son imprescindibles y obtener las mejores imágenes con la menor dosis posible.

Diagnóstico clínico e radiográfico de luxação traumática da articulação atlanto-occipital em dois cães / Clinical and radiographic diagnosis of traumatic dislocation of the atlanto-occipital joint in two dogs

A luxação da articulação atlanto-occipital é considerada uma afecção incomum no homem e nos animais. Radiografias laterais são recomendadas para o diagnóstico. No entanto, estão sujeitas a erros relacionados ao ângulo de radiação, ao alvo da imagem, à distância e à sobreposição óssea. Objetivou-se neste relato descrever os achados clínicos e radiográficos de dois cães com luxação traumática da articulação atlanto-occipital que apresentavam tetraparesia, dor cervical cranial, incapacidade de elevar a cabeça e déficits de nervos cranianos. No primeiro animal, observaram-se deslocamento craniodorsal do processo articular do atlas em relação a um dos côndilos do occipital, ausência de sobreposição dos forames vertebrais laterais e sobreposição do côndilo do occipital ao processo articular do atlas, no lado direito, caracterizando uma luxação unilateral. No segundo animal, observou-se deslocamento craniodorsal dos processos articulares do atlas em relação aos côndilos do occipital, com sobreposição dos forames vertebrais laterais e ausência de visibilização dos côndilos do occipital em virtude da projeção cranial dos processos articulares do atlas em direção ao crânio, caracterizando luxação bilateral. Conclui-se que o exame radiográfico simples, nas projeções laterolateral e ventrodorsal, apesar da dificuldade de ser interpretado, é eficiente para confirmar o diagnóstico da luxação atlanto-occipital traumática, tanto a simétrica quanto a assimétrica.

Atlanto-occipital luxation is considered rare in both humans and animals. Lateral radiographs are recommended for diagnosis, however, errors may occur related to the angle of radiation, image target, distance and overlapping of bone. Our objective is to report the clinical and radiographic findings in two dogs with traumatic atlanto-occipital luxation, which had tetraparesis, cranial neck pain, and inability to raise the head and cranial nerve deficits. The first animal had a cranio-dorsal dislocation of the articular process of the atlas in relation to one of the occipital condoles, with no overlapping of the transverse foramens or overlapping of the occipital condile in relation to the articular process of the atlas, on the right side, which characterizes a unilateral luxation. The second animal presented with a cranio-caudal dislocation of the articular processes of the atlas regarding the occipital condoles, with overlapping of the transverse foramens and inability to visualize the occipital condoles due to the cranial advancement of the articular processes of the atlas towards the skull, which characterizes a bilateral luxation. We conclude that a simple radiographic exam, in lateral and ventrodorsal projections, though difficult to interpret, is efficient in confirming a diagnosis of traumatic atlanto-occipital luxation, both symmetric and asymmetric.

Controle de riscos em radiodiagnóstico: uma abordagem de vigilância sanitária / Radio diagnostic risks control: an approach of sanitary surveillance

O radiodiagnóstico é uma das principais ferramentas de diagnose na medicina e seu papel, na saúde pública, depende da qualidade dos exames, cuja responsabilidade regulatória cabe principalmente ao Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Nessa perspectiva, foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático de avaliação de riscos potencial (MARP) em radiodiagnóstico e, através do seu uso em serviços de saúde da Bahia, analisada a situação encontrada e seus condicionantes. O MARP baseia-se no conceito de risco potencial e relaciona os indicadores de controle de riscos com os riscos potenciais e os responsáveis pelos controles. Usando esse modelo, avaliaram-se 94 procedimentos de 38 serviços de radiodiagnóstico. O estudo mostrou que 5,3 por cento dos serviços estavam com todos os procedimentos em nível de risco potencial aceitável. 23,7 por cento tinham pelo menos um procedimento com nível de risco potencial tolerável, e 71 por cento tinham pelo menos um procedimento com nível de risco potencial inaceitável. As análises mostraram que os principais condicionantes da situação encontrada dizem respeito à deficiência do sistema de vigilância sanitária na fiscalização dos serviços e da indústria, à ausência dos fundamentos de proteção radiológica nas diretrizes curriculares dos cursos de medicina e à fragilidade do controle das práticas pelos respectivos conselhos profissionais.

The X-ray diagnostic is one of the main diagnosis tools in medicine and its role, in public health, depends on the quality of the exams, the regulatory responsibility fits, mainly, in the National System of Sanitary Surveillance. With this perspective, it was developed a mathematical evaluation model of potential risks in radiodiagnostic and, through its use in the Brazilian health services of Bahia state, with the analysis of the situation found and its determinants. With that model, 94 procedures were evaluated in 38 Bahia state radiodiagnostic services. The study showed that 5.3 percent of the services had all of the procedures in level of acceptable potential risk. 23.7 percent showed, at least, one procedure with level of tolerable potential risk and 71 percent showed, at least, one procedure with a level of unacceptable potential risk. The analyses shows that the main determinants of the encountered situation are the deficient inspection by the sanitary surveillance system of the health services and of the industrial sector, the absence of basics of radiological protection in the curriculum of medicine courses and the fragility of practices control, by the respective professional council.

Riscos ocupacionais em centros de radiodiagnóstico / Occupational hazards in radio diagnosis centers / Riesgos ocupacionales en centros de radiodiagnóstico

A adoção da cultura de proteção radiológica e de garantia de qualidade deve ser prioridade para a segurança dos exames radiológicos e do ambiente em que estão instalados os equipamentos de raios X. O artigo objetivou avaliar os procedimentos de biossegurança em três centros hospitalares de radiodiagnóstico. Realizou-se estudo prospectivo do tipo qualitativo observacional transversal, baseado no modelo de gestão organizacional desses centros, em Recife, de setembro/2008 a junho/2009, em cumprimento à Norma Regulamentadora 32 do Ministério do Trabalho. Observou-se que não conformidades técnicas ou operacionais ocorreram em função do desconhecimento da legislação; da ausência de programas de qualidade e segurança do paciente; da falta de sistematização de rotinas preventivas para manutenção dos equipamentos e falta de treinamento. Há necessidade da implantação de modelos de gestão focados no manuseio dos equipamentos segundo legislação e normas de biossegurança para prevenção de riscos à saúde ocupacional em centros de radiodiagnóstico.

Radiological protection and quality assurance should be a generalized priority integrating security standards of radiological tests and environmental protection where X-ray equipment is operational. This article aims at evaluating biosafety procedures. It includes a prospective study of qualitative cross-sectional observational approach, based on the organizational management model of three radio diagnostic centers in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. It ran from September 2008 to June 2009, and complied with the Regulatory Standard 32 of the Brazilian Labor Ministry. Technical and operational non-compliance was observed and found to result from the following factors: ignorance of legislation; lack of quality programs and of patient safety; lack of systematic preventive routines for the maintenance of equipment; and lack of training. There is need to implement business models focused on the handling of equipment in compliance with bio-security standards for the prevention of occupational hazards at diagnostic-radiology centers.

La adopción de la cultura de protección radiológica y de garantía de calidad debe ser prioridad para la seguridad de los exámenes radiológicos y del ambiente en que están instalados los equipos de rayos X. El artículo objetivó evaluar los procedimientos de bioseguridad en tres centros hospitalarios de radiodiagnóstico. Se realizó estudio prospectivo del tipo cualitativo observacional transversal, basado en el modelo de gestión organizacional de eses centros en Recife-PE-Brasil, de septiembre/2008 a junio/2009, en cumplimiento a la Norma Regulamentadora 32 del Ministerio del Trabajo. Se observó que no conformidades técnicas u operacionales acaecieron en función del desconocimiento de la legislación; de la ausencia de programas de calidad y seguridad del paciente; de la falta de sistematización de rutinas preventivas para manutención de los equipamientos y falta de entrenamiento. Hay necesidad de la implantación de modelos de gestión focados en el manoseo de los equipamientos según legislación y normas de bioseguridad para prevención de riesgos a ala salud laboral en centros de radiodiagnóstico.

Estudios de radiodiagnóstico durante el embarazo / Estudios de radiodiagnóstico durante el embarazo

A pesar de la creciente utilización de estudios radiológicos durante el embarazo, continúan existiendo percepciones erróneas respecto a posibles riesgos materno/fetales de su uso. En esta revisión presentamos la evidencia relevante sobre los efectos potenciales y la seguridad clínica de la exposición a radiación en estudios diagnósticos durante el embarazo. La mayoría de los exámenes exponen al feto a radiación en dosis menores a 50 mSv, las que han demostrado no ser dañinas. Los medios de contraste yodados pueden producir efectos deletéreos en la glándula tiroides del feto en desarrollo. Para el gadolinio existe limitada experiencia, por lo que no se recomienda su uso, a menos que el beneficio justifique los riesgos potenciales. Tanto la ultrasonografía como la resonancia magnética son seguros para el feto, por lo que debieran ser preferidos. Recomendamos descartar embarazo antes de efectuar un estudio de radiodiagnóstico a una mujer en edad fértil, con el objetivo de no exponer a los fetos a radiación ionizante de manera no justificada. Sin embargo, cuando la necesidad diagnóstica y el tratamiento asociado lo requieran, el examen debe ser solicitado de manera usual informando a los pacientes los potenciales riesgos y beneficios.

Despite the increasing use of radiologic test during pregnancy, there are still wrong perceptions about maternal and fetal risks. Here we present relevant evidence about safety and potential side effects of radiation exposure in diagnostic imaging during pregnancy. Most x-ray studies expose the fetus to doses lower than 50 mSv, that have proven to be harmless. Iodine-based contrast media may damage the developing fetuses' thyroid gland. Experience in gadolinium use is limited, thus its use is not recommended, unless the potential benefit worth its potential risk. Both ultrasound and magnetic resonance are safe to the fetus and they should be preferred over other techniques. We recommend discarding pregnancy before proceeding with any radio-diagnostic study in women of reproductive age, in order to prevent unnecessary fetal exposure to ionizing radiation. Nevertheless, when clinically justified, the x-ray study must be performed as usual, informing the patients about the potential risks and benefits.

Controle de riscos à saúde em radiodiagnóstico: uma perspectiva histórica / Control of health risks in radiodiagnosis: a historic approach

Apresenta o histórico da descoberta das radiações ionizantes, seus efeitos biológicos e a conseqüente necessidade de controle dos respectivos riscos à saúde. Descreve a evolução histórica do controle de risco em radiodiagnóstico no Brasil, demonstrando que este pode não estar associado apenas à dose recebida, mas também a erros de diagnóstico e a custos para o sistema de saúde. Salienta que a legislação sanitária tem um amplo leque de co-responsabilidade social para envolver todos os atores visando à proteção da saúde.